I wish to continue on some of the topics I raised during Part One of Postmodern Attitudes Toward Life. I started this discussion as a jumping off point from Deepak Chopra's post on "Acceptable Slaughter". I wanted to analyze how the state takes hypocritical stances towards human life. Upon further inspection, "attitudes toward life" could be broken down into two manifestations: the citizen and the state. Citizens hold varying personal views on what life is and when it is acceptable to end it. The state defines legitimacy and creates reality, thus influencing the views of the citizenry. Most citizens of a state are deemed worthy of protection by the state, while others (typically part of the out-group) are forced to fall victim to capital punishment, war and genocide.
The Citizen: Buffet-Style Ideology and Collective Punishment
I never intended to tackle personal issues like abortion and where that fits into "attitudes toward life" in this series. However, I mentioned it in the exposition piece when talking about life issues. I believe it is fair to mention it because it is present in the overly-simplistic Left-Right spectrum of American political discourse. Kate at Broken Windows made this important point regarding this subject:
I think because so many years have past since the days of back-alley abortions that people forget that abortion rights was and continues to be a pro-life issue, the life here being that of the woman. Since today women can have a safe abortion, administered by a doctor, the debate has been refocused onto the fetus. I think this is a shame. If we lose the legal right to have safe abortions, then women will once again die. Will "pro-life" liberals really be "pro-life" then, or will they join their right-wing friends who think the woman's life is worth less than the fetus's? The argument to make abortion illegal is a pro-death argument, which, sadly, fits in with the right's ideology. I guess they're not hypocrites after all!
This issue proves how the simple definition of "life" can lead to all sorts of intellectual quagmires. Conservatives who are "pro-life" (i.e. want to outlaw abortion) would rather see a woman die than legally allow her to have a safe medical procedure. Therefore, they could be labeled "pro-death" if they succeeded in banning abortion. On a side note, a Portuguese court acquitted two women charged with having illegal abortions. Did you know that abortion was illegal in Portugal? I sure didn't. Bottom line: I believe it is fair to discuss abortion because it is a hot political issue, but, it is not the issue I wish to discuss here in this series.
Americans like the buffet. It is distinctive of our overfed, overstuffed culture. We have no qualms about our military dropping bombs in a heavily urban area and killing innocent civilians as long as the innocent civilians are poor, brown and don't speak English. But a terrorist bombing in an industrialized English-speaking country? That's downright heinous!
Public acceptance of collective punishment typically depends on whether or not one views "the other" as human or not. When speaking of "attitudes towards life" I am focusing on American political attitudes towards life and death--not in the metaphysical sense, but when it is acceptable for a society to willfully end the life of another. If murder and killing is wrong (which I believe to be so), then why not stand against all instances of killing, no matter who the victims are. Since the state is the authority in all matters, it always has the last word in deciding who lives and who dies.
Redrum: The State and Acceptable Slaughter
In an excellent post, Phila at Bouphonia describes how government authority shapes these public attitudes:
I've been thinking a lot lately about Walter Benjamin's assertion that the "state of emergency" decreed by government is not the exception, but the rule. Giorgio Agamben sees the state of exception as a "threshold of indeterminacy between democracy and absolutism," and views it as characteristic of modern government.
It's the claim that a state of exception exists that leads us to accept the loss of privacy, and the suspicion of guilt, that panoptic mass surveillance represents. It also leads us to accept that there are certain people who represent "life unworthy of life," who can be killed at will, and who can paradoxically be made entirely subject to the law without having any recourse to it (cf. Guantanamo).
Life unworthy of life. Sub-human individuals that can be exterminated like cockroaches. Criminals on death row. Terra-ists.
It seems that the difference between calculated murder and collateral damage depends on the state. If an individual actor or actors not sanctioned by the state commits murder, then it is deemed wrong. But if the state willingly sanctions murder, and uses the military to do its bidding, then it is acceptable.
Chopra continues in Part Two of his post:
While on the road, I have been reading all of the responses to my last post and am very appreciative of the discussion taking place. This morning I recalled a quote that I recently came across from a Nicaraguan poet by name Ruben Dario: "There is no truth, there are no lies, everything is according to the color of the crystal before your eyes."
The following is an AFP News item: "The Afghan Government has launched an investigation into a US air raid in which the US military has confirmed civilians were killed. On Tuesday, Afghan President Hamid Karzai said he was 'saddened and distressed' by the deaths of up to 17 people in the US air strike."
There are estimates of over 100,000 deaths in Iraq since the beginning of the war. There are no reliable numbers on the amount of civilian deaths in Afghanistan.
The terrorists bomb civilians in London and New York, and the "military" bomb civilians in Afghanistan and Iraq. They all claim "self" defense. We are all caught up in this tangled web. Both sides seek revenge and retribution and call it justice.
The fundamental question of inseparability and interdependent co- arising of events goes unaddressed.
The cycle of revenge is madness. But I admit that I see no way out of it. All I can do is sit here and watch it unfold. Maybe it's human nature to respond to violence with more violence? In this postmodern era, where inconsistency is king, maybe we are drifting back to barbarism.
Every war when it comes, or before it comes, is represented not as a war but as an act of self-defense against a homicidal maniac. -- George Orwell